Study of Some Chemical, Physical and Microbiological Properties of Five Types of Local Iraqi Date Products and Their Impact on Green Marketing
-
(1) * Abdulwahab Abdulrazaq Jbara
University of Diyala
Iraq
(2) Rusul Mahdi Salih University of Diyala
Iraq
(3) Ahmad Sameer. N. Al-Thabit University of Diyala
Iraq
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the chemical, physical and microbiological characteristics of five varieties of local Iraqi dates, and the impact of these characteristics on the green marketing possibilities of these varieties of dates, with the aim of raising awareness about their value and enhancing their use in local and international markets. The results showed that the highest average of carbohydrates and sugars was in dates. Bream (59.81), (0.71), while the highest average in proline and protein was in the Khastawi variety (27.47), (2.54). The results also showed that the P-Value was less than 0.05, which indicates the presence of statistically significant differences between the types. Dates differ in their content of (carbohydrates, sugars, proline, and protein). As for the microbiological characteristics, including aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, fermentation, and rotting, the study revealed the presence of microbial contamination in all samples, and the date varieties showed differences in microbial groups, where the Al-Maktoum variety had the largest number. Of the aerobic and anaerobic bacteria (34,000), (2,800), while Barhi has the largest number of yeasts and molds (420), (260).
References
Al-Farsi, M. A., Al-Bulushi, I., Al-Abri, M., Al-Kharousi, M. T., Al-Rawahi, A., & Al-Riyami, I. (2015). Physicochemical and functional properties of five date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars grown in Oman. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 42, 11-18.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2021). Food and agriculture in the world - Statistical yearbook 2021. FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb4477en
Nur Ashikin, Abdul-Hamid, Nur Hafizah Mustaffer, M. Maulidiani, Ahmed Mediani, Intan Safinar Ismail, Chau Ling Tham, Khalid Shadid, Faridah Abas (2020). Quality evaluation of the physical properties, phytochemicals, biological activities and proximateanalysis of nine Saudi date palm fruit varieties. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 19: 151–160.
Mahdi, Z. I., El-Sharnouby, G. A., & Sharoba, A. (2022). Physicochemical Properties and Microbiological Quality of Dates Syrup Prepared from some Egyptian and Iraqi Dates Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Fruits. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 65(131), 175-184. ekb.eg
Sabbagh, S. N., Al-Saadi, H. A., Al-Rawi, A. H., & Al-Samarrai, A. M. (2011). Water activity and microbiological quality of date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.) and their products. Food Control, 22(11-12), 1773-1778.
Maghsoodi, Z., Razavi, S. H., & Razavi, S. M. (2014). Nutritional value, chemical composition and functional properties of date: a comprehensive review. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 51(9), 1691-1707.
Sami Ghnimi, Muna Al-Shibli, Hanan Rashid Al-Yammahi, Aysha S Aldhaheri, Fatima Al-Jaberi, Baboucarr Jobe, Afaf KamalEldin "Reducing sugars, organic acids, size, color, and texture of 21 Emirati date fruit varieties ( Phoenix dactylifera , L.)." Elsevier BV (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nfs.2018.04.002.
Azhari Siddeeg, XinAn Zeng, Ammar ALFarga, Zhong Han "Sugar profile, volatile compounds, composition and antioxidant activity of Sukkari date palm fruit." Springer Science+Business Media (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-018-3534-y.
W. A. Khan, V. Bhosale, C. V. Murumkar "Development and shelf-life study of date-based product (Date spread)." International Journal of Agricultural Sciences (2022). DOI: 10.15740/has/ijas/18.2/691-695 tilized food seeking industrial valorization." Elsevier BV (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nfs.2016.12.001
Al-Musallam, T. (2015). Date palm cultivation and date production and processing in the United Arab Emirates. In Date Palm Cultivation and Date Production and Processing (pp. 1-14). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Al-Farsi, M. A., Al-Bulushi, I., Al-Abri, M., Al-Kharousi, M. T., Al-Rawahi, A., & Al-Riyami, I. (2014). Quality characteristics of five date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars grown in Oman. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 51(11), 3450-3458.
Sami Ghnimi, Muna Al-Shibli, Hanan Rashid Al-Yammahi, Aysha S Aldhaheri, Fatima Al-Jaberi, Baboucarr Jobe, Afaf KamalEldin "Reducing sugars, organic acids, size, color, and texture of 21 Emirati date fruit varieties ( Phoenix dactylifera , L.)." Elsevier BV (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nfs.2018.04.002.
Al-Saad, S. M., Al-Nabulsi, F. A., Al-Rawi, A. H., & Al-Samarrai, A. M. (2013). Microbiological quality of date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.) and their products. Food Control, 31(1), 154-159.
Al-Nabulsi, F. A., Al-Saad, S. M., Al-Rawi, A. H., & Al-Samarrai, A. M. (2012). Microbiological quality of date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.) and their products. Food Control, 26(2), 274-278.
M. Al-Wesali "IMPACT OF STORAGE AND PACKAGING CONDITIONS ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF DATE PASTE.." Journal of Food and Dairy Sciences (2002). DOI: 10.21608/jfds.2002.253305
Majeed, M. U., Aslam, S., Murtaza, S. A., Attila, S., & Molnár, E. (2022). Green marketing approaches and their impact on green purchase intentions: Mediating role of green brand image and consumer beliefs towards the environment. Sustainability. mdpi.com
Kaur, B., Gangwar, V. P., & Dash, G. (2022). Green marketing strategies, environmental attitude, and green buying intention: A multi-group analysis in an emerging economy context. Sustainability. mdpi.com
Arem, A., Saafi, E., Flamini, G., Issaoui, M., Ferchichi, A., Hammami, M., Helall, A., & Achour, L. (2012). Volatile and nonvolatile chemical composition of some date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.) harvested at different stages of maturity. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 47, 549-555. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.2011.02876.X.
Abd, A. (2006). Determine of carbohydrates, protein and phenolic compounds of five date palm cultivars (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in Khalal stage. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 19.
Waterborg, J. (2009). The Lowry method for protein quantitation. In Methods in Molecular Biology (pp. 7-10). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-198-7_2
Lee, M. R., Kim, C. S., Park, T., Choi, Y. S., & Lee, K. H. (2018). Optimization of the ninhydrin reaction and development of a multiwell plate-based high-throughput proline detection assay. Analytical Biochemistry, 556, 57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2018.04.001
Al-Farsi, M., Alasalvar, C., Morris, A., Baron, M., & Shahidi, F. (2005). Compositional and sensory characteristics of three native sun-dried date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) varieties grown in Oman. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(19), 7586-7591. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf050578y
Al-Hooti, S., Sidhu, J. S., & Qabazard, H. (1997). Physicochemical characteristics of five date fruit cultivars grown in the United Arab Emirates. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 50(2), 101-113. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02436028
National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2019). Methods for quantification of growth and productivity in anaerobic microbiology. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6529396
Erkmen, Osman; Bozoglu, T. Faruk . (2016). Food Microbiology: Principles into Practice || Principles of Food Spoilage. , 10.1002/9781119237860(), 269–278. doi:10.1002/9781119237860.ch1510.1002/9781119237860.ch15
Faroon, A. H. (2009). Description of some Iraqi date palm cultivars [PDF]. Iraqi Date Palm Network. Retrieved from [URL of the archived version] (Original work archived on July 12, 2018)
Ayad, A. A., Williams, L. L., Gad El-Rab, D. A., Ayivi, R., Colleran, H. L., Aljaloud, S., & Ibrahim, S. A. (2020). A review of the chemical composition, nutritional and health benefits of dates for their potential use in energy nutrition bars for athletes. Cogent Food & Agriculture. DOI:10.1080/23311932.2020.1809309
Forlani, G., & Sparla, F. (2020). Impact of Drought on Soluble Sugars and Free Proline Content in Selected Arabidopsis Mutants. Biology, 9(11), 367. [DOI:10.3390/biology9110367](https://doi.org/10.3390/biology9110367
Assirey, E. A. R. (2015). Nutritional composition of fruit of 10 date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars grown in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Taibah University for Science, 9(1), 75–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtusci.2014.07.002
Al-Shahri, M., Al-Abd, S., & Al-Harbi, M. (2015). Microbiological evaluation of some Saudi date palm cultivars. Saudi Journal of Food and Agricultural Sciences, 27(3), 224-231.
Belhadj, F., Bouazza, M., & Benyoucef, K. (2016). Study of the microbiological quality of Algerian dates produced in the Biskra region. North African Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, 12(2), 18-25.
Food and Agriculture Organization / World Health Organization. (2003). Microbiological criteria for foods: Guidelines for their development and application. Microbiological Risk Assessment Series, No. 5. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization
Copyright (c) 2024 Abdulwahab Abdulrazaq Jbara, Rusul Mahdi Salih, Ahmad Sameer. N. Al-Thabit
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright Notice
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
